* Southern France, Catalonia, NW Italy, early 12^th C - late 13^th C
* Language - Occitan
* Styles - mainly courtly art music, some popular, some satirical, dance songs, game songs
* 450 named Troubadours
* Primary Sources - 40 Chansonniers (manuscript songbooks), 4 with music,

   * compiled mid 13^th C - mid 14^th C.
   * the 4 ms with music copied in S. France, Italy and 2 in N. France
   * about 2500 texts, 250 with music
   * Written in non-mensural (plainchant) notation
* Musical Examples: Reis Glorios - Guiraut be Bornelh; Be m'an perdut - Bernart de Ventadorn

Trouvère

* Northern France, England, mid 12^th C - late 14^th C
* language - French
* Styles - Courtly art music, popular, satirical, dance songs
* 250 named Trouveres
* Primary Sources - 25 Chansonniers, 20 with music,
   * compiled late 13^th C - mid 14^th C.
   * about 2200 texts, 1400 with music
   * written in non-mensural (plainchant) notation except for some later songs
* Musical Examples: Au renouvel du tens que la florete - Anon;J'a nun hons pris - Richard, Coeur de Lion

Spain and the Cantigas

* Spain, mainly West and South, 13^th Century
* Language - Gallician-Portuguese, some Latin
* Style - popular songs in folk style
* Primary Sources:
  > The Cantigas de Santa Maria
      * 3 manuscript copies of a collection compiled in 1284 by Alphonso X 'El Sabio' of Castile
      * 400 songs, every 10^th a devotional hymn to Santa Maria
      * folk stories about miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary, often humorous
      * written in mensural notation (i.e. note lengths)
  > Cantigas D'amigo by Martim Codax
      * ca. 1230
      * a cycle of 7 songs
      * written in non-mensural notation
  > Llibre Vermell of Montsarrat
      * compiled late 14^th Century
      * 10 pilgrim songs set to folk-like tunes
      * some polyphonic
      * most in Latin, some Gallician
      * written in mensural notation
* Musical Examples: A virgen, que de Deus madre - CSM 322; Sempr'a Virgen groriosa - CSM 377

Germany and the Minnesingers

* Germany, late 12^th C - early 14^th C
* Language - German, Latin
* Styles - Courtly art music - in German and Latin (sometimes mixed), satirical
* 35 named Minnesingers
* Primary Sources - ca. 40 manuscripts
   * compiled late 13^th C - late 15^th C.
   * includes the Carmina Burana ms (early 13^th C) with ca. 200 songs
   * about 500 (?) songs
   * written in non-mensural notation, some in untranscribable neumes
* Musical Examples: Palastinalied - Walther von der Vogelwiede

Instrumental

* France, late 13^th C - early 14^th C
* Italy, mid/late 14^th C
* All known instrumental music is written in mensural notation
* Primary Sources:
   * French
      * included in trouvere chansonnier
      * 8 Estampies Real (1 incomplete) and 3 other dances
   * Italian
      * included in a ms of Italian Ars Nova songs
      * 15 dances ranging from simple to very complex
   * English
      * Robertsbridge Codex - English early 14th C - 3 dances written in keyboard tablature
      * 4 'notas' - English 13th C - 3 of which are 2 part
      * a (small) handful of others
* Musical Examples: Dance Real - Anon French; Trotto - Anon Italian

Other

* some monophonic works by later composers generally known for polyphony, e.g. Machaut, Landini.
* Italian Lauda - devotional hymns
* Tenor lines of later motets
* Arabic melodies from the 13^th & 14^th centuries
* Music of the Goliards - 12^th C. Latin conductus (not quite sacred or secular)
* Some secular (?) Byzantine